2022-08-31 04:56:05
By the end of his rule he was powerless to halt the whirlwind he had sown. Yet Gorbachev may have had a greater impact on the second half of the 20th century than any other political figure.
“I see myself as a man who started the reforms that were necessary for the country and for Europe and the world,” Gorbachev told The AP in a 1992 interview shortly after he left office.
“I am often asked, would I have started it all again if I had to repeat it? Yes, indeed. And with more persistence and determination,” he said.
Former Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev Has Died, Russian Media Report
戈尔巴乔夫留下或许有争议的政治遗产,但没有他就没有东欧变革。在《来自上层的革命》中,作者们分析了戈尔巴乔夫最后的斗争和他的失败。俄罗斯最终走向资本主义寡头经济,始于叶利钦的成功。
「党-国精英的成员们在抛弃社会主义、建立资本主义的过程中起着不同的作用。有些人早在1987年就利用他们手中的货币和其他资源,开始从事私人生意了。其他人则成了推动资本主义进入俄罗斯的政治领导人。对于这些精英来说,从捍卫社会主义到赞成资本主义的立场转变需要某种戏剧性的世界观转变。面对无数的前苏共官员突然转变立场,许多西方观察家感到无所适从,甚至抱着些许的怀疑。但从斯大林时代以来,苏联的领导层就经常在关键的政策问题上遇到尖锐的反对意见。到了80年代,意识形态对于大多数苏联精英来说已经很长时间不具有任何实际意义了。对于这个集团中的那些高层的、实用主义的成员来说,把宣传共产主义意识形态换成鼓吹私有制和自由市场,已经不是什么难事了。用不着放弃什么坚定的政治信仰,因为他们一开始就没有。虽然确实也有一些苏联精英真正信仰某种社会主义,但他们毕竟只占极少数。」
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