2022-03-22 08:02:04
When has Russia used them before?
During the
Second Chechen War, in October 2002 Russian troops used a gas containing the
opioid carfentanil after Chechen
rebels stormed a
Moscow theatre and took people
hostage. The substance - 10,000 more powerful than
morphine - killed 120 of the hostages.
Second Chechen War：第二次車臣戰爭
opioid carfentanil：鴉片類芬太尼。強效麻醉劑，但使用過量會令人死亡。
rebel（名詞）：叛軍
storm（動詞）：名詞形態時可指"風暴＂，但動詞形態時指嘅係＂突襲，強攻＂
Moscow theatre：莫斯科歌劇院脅持事件。車臣共和國綁匪闖入莫斯科歌劇院，脅持逾850名人質，要求俄羅斯軍隊撤出車臣共和國。後來，俄羅斯政府決定以芬太尼麻醉表演廳內所有人後強攻，但至少129名人質因為吸入芬太尼而產生的不良反應後死亡。（編按:諾蘭嘅天能亦都係參考呢件事）
hostage（名詞）：人質
morphine（名詞）：嗎啡
唔係想幫俄羅斯政府講野，但第二次車臣戰爭入面車臣政府都唔係咩善類。俄羅斯入侵人地當然係唔啱，但車臣政府亦都無法好好控制自己國家，令人民受苦。第一次車臣戰爭後，由於戰爭的破壞加上經濟困頓，許多前游擊隊員以及士兵因失業而為非作歹，導致綁架成為當地主要的收入來源。個point係，車臣同烏克蘭目前情況有啲唔同，唔可以比較。
Two years later in 2004
toxicologists found that Ukraine's pro-Western president Viktor Yushchenko had been poisoned by the chemical
TCDD. Mr Yushchenko, who had beaten Mr Putin's
preferred candidate Viktor Yanukovych in the elections that year, claims the attack was carried out by Russia.
toxicologist（名詞）：毒理學家
TCDD：2,3,7,8-四氯雙苯環戴奧辛
preferred（形容詞）：更合意的，比較喜歡
carry out（phrasal verb）：執行，實行
The
widest-
scale example of Russia using chemical weapons was in Syria, where it fought
alongside Bashar al-
Assad's government forces in the country's
civil war.
Studies estimate there were 85 chemical weapon attacks during the war.
widest（形容詞）：最大的，最廣泛的
scale（名詞）：規模
alongside（副詞）：在…旁邊；與…一起
Bashar al-Assad：巴沙爾·阿塞德。現任敘利亞總統，獨裁者。四度連任總統，而總統大選被國際組織多次批評為fraudulent
civil war（名詞）：內戰
study（名詞）：動詞形態時可指"温習＂，但名詞形態時指嘅係＂研究；調查＂
estimate（動詞）：估計
Syria forms a key part of Russia's so-called "
playbook", as each time an attack was carried out, President Assad would say
terror groups ISIS and
Al-
Qaeda had the weapons first.
playbook（名詞）：被認為適用於特定活動（如戰爭）嘅一組規則、方法。playbook係形容緊俄羅打仗時常用嘅策略
terror group：恐怖組織
Al-Qaeda：阿爾蓋達
Dr Edwards, an expert in the history of chemical and biological weapons, said: "It all comes back to Syria. Russia lied repeatedly about there being chemical weapons in Syria, while working
hand in hand with a Syrian
regime that was using chemical weapons. In that context, we know Russia lies on these
issues."
hand in hand（副詞）：攜手
regime（名詞）：政權
issue（名詞）：議題
The worst attack in Syria was in the
Damascus suburb of
Ghouta in August 2013 when up to 1,700 people died as a result of the
nerve agent sarin.
Damascus：大馬士革
suburb（名詞）：近郊住宅區
Ghouta：古塔
nerve agent（名詞）：神經毒劑
sarin（名詞）：沙林（毒氣）
People tried to escape from their homes only to
collapse,
foaming from their mouths and noses, and
suffocate to death.
collapse（動詞）：可以指"（建築物）倒塌＂，但呢度係指"（人）倒下，昏倒＂
foam（動詞）：吐白沫
suffocate（動詞）：窒息
Source: https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-war-what-chemical-and-biological-weapons-could-russia-have-and-what-has-it-used-before-12563036
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